In brief: Recent research studies have been made with the aim
to understand development biology and treat human diseases:
·
Neural
development
·
Pancreatic
progenitors
·
Skeletal muscle
regeneration
·
Brain development
in genetic disorders
·
Trophoblast
related pathologies
·
Somatic stem
cells
Designing an Experiment in Stem Cell
Research:
Stem cell researches involve
manipulation and transplantation of
stem cells in vivo to restore missing cells. The successful reprogramming of
somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), which resembles embryonic
stem cells (ESC) has
opened interesting strategies for cell replacement and tissue regeneration. The
required cell type can be differentiated in vitro from expandable progenitors
and transplanted in the organ that requires, functionally integrate into the
deficient organ.
iPSCs
derived podocytes when transplanted, survive in recipient newborn mouse kidneys which may be due to immature and
immune-privileged nature of developing postnatal kidneys. To study kidney
development, disease and regeneration, scientists have reported establishment
of a reproducible, simple and efficient research protocol for directed
differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into ureteric bud (UB) progenitor
cells. In the area of pancreas development, a critical study reveals that
oscillating Notch activity which is regulated by Jagged 1, is required to
coordinate the growth and fate of multipotent pancreatic progenitors (Seymour
et al., 2020).
Bulk
RNA
sequencing method has
been used to understand the genetic program of murine lung primordial
progenitors in vivo, also identify pathways (Wnt, TGFβ)
that regulate their cell fate. Overall, this method can be used to derive
bonafide tissue progenitors of all germ layers in vitro (Ikonomou et al., 2020). Medical
Researchers
have engineered Alveolar Epithelial type 2 cells from human pluripotent stem
cells (PSCs) in vitro and profiled their differentiation kinetics using time
series single-cell RNA sequencing with lentiviral barcoding.
A recent report suggested the use of 2-dimensional extended culture system which
provides a new method to expand the number of human primordial germ-like cells
for transplantation, molecular screening, downstream techniques or
differentiation of these cells into gametes by in vitro gametogenesis. This
culture system promotes cell proliferation, partial epigenetic programming,
genome-wide reduction in DNA methylation, and maintenance of H3K9me2 depletion (Gell
et al., 2020). A culture niche closer to an embryonic niche can be created by studying signalling mechanisms in human
blastocysts (Wamaitha
et al., 2020).
Organoid culture:
Organoid
culture has gained much importance in developmental biology and tissue
regeneration. It is a tissue culture method used to grow three-dimensional
functional organoids from a group of cells along with a combination of
biochemical factors.
Disease-related research:
Wnt
and TGFβ signalling pathways cooperatively ensure the early dopaminergic
differentiation of the USSC adult stem cells, helping in the treatment of
Parkinson’s disease (Akhlaghpour, Parvaneh Tafreshi, Roussa, Bernard,
& Zeynali, 2020).
Limitations:
The
risks include tumour formation, immune rejection of transplanted cells, and
occasional inappropriate stem cell migration. They must be minimized before
providing patients with this therapeutic option. These limitations should be
overcome by further research on the effectiveness of these therapy in
regenerative and regenerative therapies. The mechanism by which the disease
arises and various treatment options can be understood through these
researches.
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