In brief:
Newborn babies undergo several examinations and
assessments before leaving the hospital. The
hearing screening is one of the essentialevaluation for newborn babies before
leaving in the hospital. One important way for babies to learn from birth is by
hearing and listening. Though most newborn babies can hear perfectly, one to
three out of every 1,000 babies born in the U.S. has hearing thresholds outside
the typical range. Newborn screening and treatment help ensure the recognition
as soon as possible of all babies who are deaf or hard of hearing. Therefore,
they will access early intervention clinical support services that can make a big difference in their language development and communication(Sato et al., 2020).
Importance of hearing screening:
Hearing screening is a first and
crucial step in clinical
research helping to
understand whether your baby is deaf or hard to hear. It's difficult to know
when there are hearing shifts in the first months and years of your baby's life
without screening hearing in newborn. Babies can respond to noise, for example,
turning their heads toward the sound. But this doesn't necessarily mean that
they can hear all the sounds around them. Babies who are deaf or hard to hear
can hear some sounds but still don't hear enough to understand the language
spoken.
Methods
of hearing screening:
The methods most widely used consistently in
newborns universal hearing screenings are (i) otoacoustic emission (OAE) and
(ii) automated auditory brain stem response (AABR). Both AABR and OAE
technologies provide non-invasive monitoring of physiological
behaviour that underlies normal auditory function, and both are easy to
perform in infants and neonates(Wroblewska-Seniuk, Dabrowski,
Szyfter, & Mazela, 2017).
Automated
auditory brain stem response (AABR): Auditory
brainstem response is an evoked auditory potential arising from the auditory
nerve. It can detect weakness in the brainstem at the cochlea level, the
auditory nerve and the auditory pathway. Measurements of AABR are obtained by
placing disposable surface electrodes on the forehead and recording the sound
response brain wave activity. AABR plays a significant role in evaluating the
lesion site- it helps to differentiate between conductive and cochlear hearing
loss. This approach is highly sensitive to the identification of pathological
pathways that cause hearing problems by suppressing afferent impulses, which is
known as continuum neuropathy disorders.
Benefits:
It is widely acknowledged that early
detection of hearing loss gives children the chance to
develop significantly improved language skills relative to those children
who are later diagnosed. The primary objective of early intervention in newborns
with hearing impairment is to improve the communication skills of the child and
to enhance the level of language development influencing cognitive and
socio-emotional behavior (Nikolopoulos, 2015).
Conclusion:
Hearing deficiency in children
around the world, including language acquisition, poses a particularly serious barrier
to their full growth and education. If the screening test indicates a possible
hearing loss, further testing is required. All babies who don't pass the
screening test should be checked by a hearing specialist
(audiologist) by age 3 months.
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