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For
a systematic review, formulating a well-constructed research question is
mandatory. The first step in executing a
Systematic
Review is to formulate the research question. Without formulating
a well-focused research question, it can be challenging and time-consuming to
identify suitable studies and search for relevant evidence. Forming a good
research question is not a straightforward process as it requires engaging with
the literature.Well-formulated research questions will guide many aspects during
the review process, which includes determining eligibility criteria,
searchstudies, data collection for included studies, and presenting findings.
There are different techniques used for formulating a research question.
Practitioners
of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) often use a specialized framework,
called PICO, to form the question and facilitate the literature
search.A systematic
review question typically focused on narrow parameters and
usually fitted into the PICO question format.
P
– Patient | Population | Problem
Most important characteristics of patients.
Examples: Gender, age, and disease or condition
I
– Intervention or exposure
Main intervention. Examples: Drug treatment,
diagnostic and screening test
C
– Comparison or control
Main alternative. Examples: Standard therapy,
placebo, no treatment and gold standard
O
– Outcome measures
What you are trying to accomplish, improve, measure,
affect. Examples: Reduced mortality or morbidity, and improved memory
For
quantitative systematic
review question formation, PICO can be used along with the
variant such as PICOS (S-Study design), PICOC (C-Context), and PICOT
(T-timeframe).
For
qualitative and mixed research studies, SPIDER can be used as an
alternative to PICO
S–Sample
A
qualitative research study is not easy to generalize as the sample is preferred
over a patient
PI – Phenomenon of
Interest
Rather
than interventions, it looks at the reasons for behaviour and decisions
D – Design
The
type of research through interview or survey
E – Evaluation
Outcome
measures
R – Research type
Quantitative,
qualitative and mixed methods
For
qualitative evidence, SPICE can be used
S – Setting (Where?)
Based on the location or
environment relevant to the research
P – Perspective or Population
(for Whom?)
The type of people that
are being studied
I – Intervention
(What?)
The intervention, practice
or treatment that are used for evaluation
C – Comparison
(compared with what?)
An intervention with
which the author compares the above comparator
E – Evaluation (with
what result?)
The hypothetical result that
isintended to evaluate
For
health policy and management information, ECLIPSE can be used
E – Expectation
Improvement,Information
or Innovation
C – Client group
At whom the service is
aimed
L – Location
where is the service
located?
I – Impact
Outcomes
P – Professionals
who is involved in
providing or improving the service?
Se – Service
For which service are
you looking for information
Once
you have a defined research question, it is essential to make sure your
research is original, and it is not already addressed. It can be identified
through a thorough search in the systematic review databases (such as Cochrane
Database of Systematic
Reviews, PROSPERO,The Campbell Library, and Systematic
Review Data Repository (SRDR)) and be sure to check with published reviews as
well as registered protocols.
In
summary, a well-designed research question is a starting point in conducting a
high-qualitysystematic
review, as it will determine the nature and scope of the
systematic review, andthere are several frameworks available for formulating a
research questing and search for a new finding. Once the research question
formulation is done, it is very much necessary to check with the database to
avoid repetition.
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