Statistical analyses of case-control studies - Pubrica

 

Introdution

A case-control study is used to see if exposure is linked to a certain result (i.e., disease or condition of interest). Case-control research is always retrospective by definition since it starts with a result and then goes back to look at exposures. The investigator already knows the result of each participant when they are enrolled in their separate groups. Case-control studies are retrospective because of this, not because the investigator frequently uses previously gathered data.

Study Design

Participants in a case-control study are chosen for the study depending on their outcome status. As a result, some individuals have the desired outcome (referred to as cases), while others do not have the desired outcome (referred to as controls). After that, the investigator evaluates the exposure in both groups. As a result, in case-control research, the outcome must occur in at least some individuals

Selection of case

The cases should be defined as precisely as feasible by the investigator. A disease's definition may be based on many criteria at times; hence, all aspects should be fully specified in the case definition.

Selection of a control

Controls that are comparable to the cases in a variety of ways should be chosen. The matching criteria are the parameters (e.g., age, sex, and hospitalization time) used to establish how controls and cases should be similar.

Matching

Though some controls have to be similar to cases in many respects, it is possible to over-match. Over-matching might make it harder to identify enough controls. Furthermore, once a matching variable is chosen, it cannot be analyzed as a risk factor.

Data collection

Decide on the data to be gathered after precisely identifying the cases and controls; both groups must have the same data obtained in the same method. If the search for primary risk variables is not conducted objectively, the study may suffer from researcher bias, especially because the conclusion is already known. It's crucial to try to hide the outcome from the person collecting risk factor data or interviewing patients, even if it's not always practicable.

Analysis

The frequency of each of the measured variables in each of the two groups is computed in the analysis. Case-control studies produce the odds ratio to measure the strength of the link between exposure and the outcome. An odds ratio is the ratio of exposure probabilities in the case group to the odds of response in the control group. Calculating a confidence interval for each odds ratio is critical.

Recent research on case-control studies using statistical analyses

i)Risk factors related to multiple sclerosis in Kuwait

This matched case-control research in Kuwait looked at the relationship between several variables: family history, stressful life events, tobacco smoke exposure, vaccination history, comorbidity, and multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. To accomplish the study's goal, a matched case-control strategy was used. Cases were recruited from IbnSina Hospital's neurology clinics and the Dasman Diabetes Institute's MS clinic. Controls were chosen from among Kuwait University's faculty and students.

ii) Relation between periodontitis and COVID-19infection

COVID-19 is linked to a higher inflammatory response, which can be deadly. Periodontitis is characterized by systemic inflammation. In Qatar, patients with COVID-19 were chosen from Hamad Medical Corporation's (HMC) national electronic health data. Patients with COVID-19 problems (death, ICU hospitalizations, or assisted ventilation) were categorized as cases, while COVID-19 patients released without severe difficulties were categorized as controls.

iii) Menstrual, reproductive and hormonal factors and thyroid cancer

The relationships between menstrual, reproductive, and hormonal variables and thyroid cancer incidence in a population of Chinese women were investigated in this study. A 1:1 corresponding hospital-based Case-control studywas conducted in 7 counties of Zhejiang Province to investigate the correlations of diabetes mellitus and other variables with thyroid cancer. Case participants were eligible if they were diagnosed with primary thyroid cancer for the first time in a hospital between July 2015 and December 2017.

Conclusion

It's important to note that the term "case-control study" is commonly misunderstood. A case-control study starts with a group of people exposed to something and a comparison group (control group) who have not been exposed to anything and then follows them over time to see what occurs.However, this is not a case-control study. Case-control studies are frequently seen as less valuable since they are retrospective. They can, however, be a highly effective technique of detecting a link between an exposure and a result. In addition, they are sometimes the only ethical approach to research a connection. Case-control studiescan provide useful information if definitions, controls, and the possibility for bias are carefully considered.

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